E-mail: [email protected]
Mobile: +964(0)7504731854
ڕوانگەی نوێی سیخوری کردن لە چوارچێوەی یاسای نێودەولەتی
Doi: 10.23918/ilic8.02
Keywords: espionage, cyber espionage, principle of non-interference, principle of equal sovereignty, public international law, international responsibility.
PROCEEDINGS OF 8th INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ISSUES CONFERENCE
Faculty of Law / Tishk International University
Date:1-2. February 2024
Venue: Kurdistan Region- Erbil
ISBN: 979-8-9890269-1-3
———————————————————————–
Lect. Fathi Z. Zeroo
Erbil polytehnic university- Soran technical Collage
Asst. Lect. Khasro A. Aziz
Soran University
———————————————————————–
Abstract
This research undertakes a comprehensive examination of the complex issue of espionage within the framework of international law. The research employs rigorous legal analysis methods to delve into the nuances surrounding espionage activities and their legal implications. Through our investigation, we discern a critical distinction within international law, namely, the differentiation between espionage during periods of armed conflict and during times of peace. It becomes evident that espionage is permitted under specific conditions during wartime, albeit subject to various limitations. Conversely, during peacetime, the absence of well-defined legal provisions exacerbates the intricacy of the matter.
This study draws upon foundational principles of international law, including the principles of equal sovereignty, non-interference in the internal affairs of sovereign nations, and the principle of peaceful coexistence within the international community. According to these principles, any form of interference, including espionage, is characterized as an encroachment on a nation’s territorial integrity. Consequently, the research’s primary focus centers on the legitimacy of espionage and the corresponding legal responsibilities. Advocates of espionage’s legitimacy put forth compelling evidence in its favor, while opponents contend that it poses a grave threat to global security, citing pertinent legal frameworks and court decisions.
In the context of the modern international system, wherein the United Nations Security Council authorizes interventions to uphold international peace and security, combat terrorism, facilitate legitimate self-defense, and address humanitarian and human rights concerns, espionage is arguably justified under specific circumstances.
This research underscores the pressing need for comprehensive legislation to regulate espionage within a legally binding international framework. Given the rapid advancements in technology and the growing specter of terrorism, such legislation is a manifest necessity. The United Nations Security Council is urged to accord due attention to this issue, as the ramifications of espionage extend to the very foundations of global security.
سەرچاوەکان
١–زماني كوردي
١ – ئيبراهيمي، عبدللة، ٢٠١٢فةرهةنطي كاوة، هةوليَر دةزطاي ئاراس
٢ – شرفكندي (هةذار موكرياني)، عةبدولڕةحمان،١٩٩٠، فةرهةنطي ةةنبانةبؤرينة كوردي فارسي ، ج1، تةران، انتشارات سروش
٢–زماني عةرةبي
جمال الدين, ة., 2023. الأمن السيبراني والتحول في النظام الدولي. مجلة كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية, 24(1pp.189-230.
مةلول, الحاج, البقيرات عبد القادر, 2021. جرائم الحرب المرتكبة في حق المقاتلين على ضوء القانون الجنائي الدولي (Doctoral dissertation)
.مريم أحمد لوكال, 2019. التجسس في ضوء أحكام القانون الدولي العام. المجلة العربية للدراسات الأمنية, 35(2, pp.277-290.
٤– زماني ئينطليزي
Becker, T., 2006. Terrorism and the state: rethinking the rules of state responsibility. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Kish, J. and Turns, D. eds., 1995. International law and espionage. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Kurt D. S., 1948 , Three Thousand Years of Espionage: An Anthology of the World’s Greatest Spy Stories, New York, Prentice-Hall
Lowe, V. and Warbrick, C. eds., 2002. The United Nations and the principles of international law: essays in memory of Michael Akehurst. Routledge.
OPPENHEIM, L.F.L., MACNAIR, A.D. and MacNair, B., 1948. International Law. A Treatise… Edited by H. Lauterpacht. London.
Polmar, N., 2001. Spyplane: The U-2 History Declassified. Zenith Press.
Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace; International Law, International Relations and Diplomacy. CCDCOE.
Schachter,O,1986. In defense of international rules on the use of force. U.Chi.L.Rev
Wells, J.T., 2014. Principles of fraud examination. John Wiley & Sons
Wright, Quincy 1962, Essays on Espionage and International Law, Columbus, Ohio State University Press
Ziolkowski, K., 2013 , Peacetime Cyber Espionage–New Tendencies in Public International Law, Peacetime
Aloupi, N., 2015. The Right to Non-intervention and Non-interference. Cambridge International Law Journal, 4(3), pp.566-587.
Cohen-Jonathan, G. and Kovar, R., 1960. L’espionnage en temps de paix. Annuaire français de droit international, 6(1), pp.239-255.
Demarest, G.B., 1995. Espionage in international law. Denv. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y, 24, p.321..
Freedman, L., 2004. War in Iraq: Selling the threat. Survival, 46(2), pp.7-49
Jalali, M., 2021. Espionage in Modern International Law and Necessity of Codification of Global Provisions. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 51(1), pp.343-368.
Kilovaty, I., 2016. World Wide Web of Exploitations-The Case of Peacetime Cyber Espionage Operations Under International Law: Towards a Contextual Approach. Colum. Sci. & Tech. L. Rev., 18, p.42.
McGuinness, M.E., 2006. Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo: The ICJ Finds Uganda Acted Unlawfully and Orders Reparations. American Society of International Law Insights, January, pp.2009-11.
Wright, Q., 1960. Legal aspects of the U-2 incident. American Journal of International Law, 54(4), pp.836-854
Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,. Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,1949.
Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land 1907
Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of States – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements (un-documents.net) A/RES/36/103
Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex: Regulation Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, the Hague, 18 October 1907),
Definition of Aggression General Assembly resolution 3314 (XXIX) (un.org)
IJ Report (2005), Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo, (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – United Nations and the Rule of Law
nternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2625,
Un charter
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961
www.britannica.com/topic/espionage
www.dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/espionage
WWW.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/148/148-20140331-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf
WWW.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/70/070-19841126-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf
www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document